Knowledge
Like-for-like- GPT-4.1
- 39.8
- Supported · #133/183
- GPT-5.4 nano
- 47.4
- Supported · #97/183
- Basis
- BenchAlign lane · 2 vs 5 public rows
- Reading
- GPT-5.4 nano leads · intervals overlap
GPT-4.1 vs GPT-5.4 nano
Updated September 10, 2026. Public scores include evidence status and uncertainty. They are not guarantees for a specific workload.
Decision reading
GPT-5.4 nano has the higher public score estimate, 59.57 versus 42.02, but the 90% score intervals overlap. Treat that as a lead, not a settled winner.
3 results are shared. Category rows resting on Estimated evidence or different benchmark sets are marked directional and do not name a winner.
Share or export
Which one for your work
Recommendations appear only when a shared evidence basis or an explicit operating constraint supports the call. Secondary and unsupported use cases stay disclosed below the initial list.
Long documents
Prompts that approach the documented context limit
GPT-4.1
GPT-4.1 has the larger documented context window.
Confidence: documented
Chat turn cost
1K fresh input + 500 output tokens
GPT-5.4 nano
GPT-5.4 nano has the lower estimated token cost for this stated workload. Costs use the listed standard API rates.
Confidence: listed-rates
Cache-heavy agent loop cost
200K cached + 20K fresh input + 10K output tokens
GPT-5.4 nano
GPT-5.4 nano has the lower estimated token cost for this stated workload. GPT-4.1 has no published cached-input rate, so cached tokens use its listed input rate.
Confidence: rate-fallback
Show secondary and unsupported calls
Repository review cost
50K fresh input + 3K output tokens
GPT-5.4 nano
GPT-5.4 nano has the lower estimated token cost for this stated workload. Costs use the listed standard API rates.
Confidence: listed-rates
Coding work
Code generation, repair, and software-engineering tasks
Not enough matched evidence
GPT-4.1 is scored on Estimated evidence for coding, so the reading is directional rather than like-for-like.
Confidence: limited
Agentic work
Tool use, computer use, and multi-step task completion
Not enough matched evidence
GPT-4.1 is not ranked on the public lane for agentic, so no winner is named for agentic.
Confidence: limited
What is actually comparable
Shared results can support a head-to-head reading. Results present for only one model describe coverage, not superiority.
4 GPT-4.1 only
3 Shared
15 GPT-5.4 nano only
- Shared results
- 3
- GPT-4.1 only
- 4
- GPT-5.4 nano only
- 15
- Like-for-like categories
- 1 / 8
2 categories rest on Estimated evidence or different evidence sets. Those rows remain visible for coverage context but do not name a winner.
Category results, on a stated basis
Each row shows the public-lane category score for both models: the BenchAlign lane for agentic, coding, and knowledge, and the weighted public rows elsewhere, with the same rank each model page reports. A row is like-for-like only when both scores rest on Supported evidence or the same weighted set. Directional and not-comparable rows remain visible, but they never receive a winner.
Coding
Directional only- GPT-4.1
- 41.8
- Estimated · #106/151
- GPT-5.4 nano
- 37.1
- Supported · #126/151
- Basis
- BenchAlign lane · 1 vs 3 public rows
- Reading
- Directional only
Instruction following
Directional only- GPT-4.1
- 50.5
- #82/123
- GPT-5.4 nano
- 93.2
- #9/123
- Basis
- Provisional lane · 0 vs 0 weighted rows
- Reading
- Directional only
Agentic
Not comparable- GPT-4.1
- Not ranked
- GPT-5.4 nano
- 34.6
- Supported · #133/152
- Basis
- BenchAlign lane · 1 vs 6 public rows
- Reading
- Not comparable
Reasoning
Not comparable- GPT-4.1
- 67.9
- Unranked · 2 rankable rows
- GPT-5.4 nano
- 73.7
- Unranked · 2 rankable rows
- Basis
- Provisional lane · 0 vs 0 weighted rows
- Reading
- Not comparable
Math
Not comparable- GPT-4.1
- 28.1
- Unranked · 2 rankable rows
- GPT-5.4 nano
- 43.9
- Unranked · 2 rankable rows
- Basis
- Provisional lane · 2 vs 2 weighted rows
- Reading
- Not comparable
Multilingual
Not comparable- GPT-4.1
- Not ranked
- GPT-5.4 nano
- Not ranked
- Basis
- Provisional lane · 0 vs 0 weighted rows
- Reading
- Not comparable
Multimodal
Not comparable- GPT-4.1
- 50.2
- Unranked · 1 rankable row
- GPT-5.4 nano
- 23.8
- #45/48
- Basis
- Provisional lane · 0 vs 1 weighted rows
- Reading
- Not comparable
| Category | GPT-4.1 | GPT-5.4 nano | Basis | Reading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Knowledge | 39.8Supported · #133/183 | 47.4Supported · #97/183 | Like-for-likeBenchAlign lane · 2 vs 5 public rows | GPT-5.4 nano leads · intervals overlap |
| Coding | 41.8Estimated · #106/151 | 37.1Supported · #126/151 | Directional onlyBenchAlign lane · 1 vs 3 public rows | Directional only |
| Instruction following | 50.5#82/123 | 93.2#9/123 | Directional onlyProvisional lane · 0 vs 0 weighted rows | Directional only |
| Agentic | Not ranked | 34.6Supported · #133/152 | Not comparableBenchAlign lane · 1 vs 6 public rows | Not comparable |
| Reasoning | 67.9Unranked · 2 rankable rows | 73.7Unranked · 2 rankable rows | Not comparableProvisional lane · 0 vs 0 weighted rows | Not comparable |
| Math | 28.1Unranked · 2 rankable rows | 43.9Unranked · 2 rankable rows | Not comparableProvisional lane · 2 vs 2 weighted rows | Not comparable |
| Multilingual | Not ranked | Not ranked | Not comparableProvisional lane · 0 vs 0 weighted rows | Not comparable |
| Multimodal | 50.2Unranked · 1 rankable row | 23.8#45/48 | Not comparableProvisional lane · 0 vs 1 weighted rows | Not comparable |
Ranks count the models scored in each category’s lane, so the agentic, coding, and knowledge denominators (BenchAlign) differ from the provisional-lane categories. Unranked scores sit on the lane’s scale but never name a winner. Like-for-like rows within 0.5 points read as a practical tie.
Shape of the matched evidence
Only shared public evidence is shown. Sparse evidence stays a ruled list rather than being closed into a radar shape.
Too few matched category axes support a radar. The ruled list below shows only shared benchmark results; positions use each benchmark’s normalized display scale when available.
FrontierMath v2 (Tiers 1-3)
Math
GPQA
Knowledge
FrontierMath v2 (Tier 4)
Math
What each workload costs
Three fixed token mixes turn per-token rates into comparable decisions. Each scenario states context fit and whether cached input had to fall back to the published list-input rate.
Chat turn
1K fresh input + 500 output tokens
- GPT-4.1
- $0.006
- Fits in one request
- GPT-5.4 nano
- $0.00082
- Fits in one request
GPT-5.4 nano has the lower modeled cost
Costs use the listed standard API rates.
Repository review
50K fresh input + 3K output tokens
- GPT-4.1
- $0.124
- Fits in one request
- GPT-5.4 nano
- $0.01375
- Fits in one request
GPT-5.4 nano has the lower modeled cost
Costs use the listed standard API rates.
Cache-heavy agent loop
200K cached + 20K fresh input + 10K output tokens
- GPT-4.1
- $0.52
- Fits in one request
- Cached input priced at the published list-input rate
- GPT-5.4 nano
- $0.0205
- Fits in one request
GPT-5.4 nano has the lower modeled cost
GPT-4.1 has no published cached-input rate, so cached tokens use its listed input rate.
Specification differences
Sourced differences are shown directly. Missing facts stay explicit instead of being inferred from a model name or family.
SpecificationGPT-4.1GPT-5.4 nano
Context window
Maximum documented context; output-token limits may be lower.
GPT-4.1
1M
GPT-5.4 nano
API model ID
GPT-4.1
Not sourced
GPT-5.4 nano
gpt-5.4-nano
OpenAI GPT-5.4 nano model documentationCached-input rate
A missing cached-input rate falls back to the listed input rate only in the stated workload estimate.
GPT-4.1
Not published
GPT-5.4 nano
$0.02 per 1M cached input tokens
OpenAI pricingDocumented inputs
GPT-4.1
Not sourced
GPT-5.4 nano
text, image
OpenAI model catalogDocumented outputs
GPT-4.1
Not sourced
GPT-5.4 nano
Provider availability
GPT-4.1
Not sourced
GPT-5.4 nano
Generally Available · OpenAI Responses API
OpenAI model catalogReasoning profile
GPT-4.1
Non-Reasoning
GPT-5.4 nano
Reasoning
Weight access
GPT-4.1
Proprietary
GPT-5.4 nano
Proprietary
License
GPT-4.1
Proprietary
GPT-5.4 nano
Proprietary
Release date
GPT-4.1
2025-04-14
GPT-5.4 nano
2026-03-17
If you already use one of these models
- Deployment change
- Both entries list OpenAI as the provider. Confirm endpoint, model ID, limits, and feature support before switching.
- Quality signal
- GPT-5.4 nano has the higher public score estimate, 59.57 versus 42.02, but the 90% score intervals overlap.
- Workload cost
- Repository review: $0.124 vs $0.01375. Cache-heavy agent loop: $0.52 vs $0.0205.
- Context tradeoff
- GPT-4.1 has the larger documented window (1M).
Run the same representative tasks against both endpoints before changing production traffic.
Benchmark evidence
The full public result ledger is available for audit without forcing a wide desktop table onto a phone.
Browse raw public benchmark evidence22 rows
Agentic
Gert Labs
GPT-4.125.65%SourceGPT-5.4 nano—Not directly comparable
Terminal-Bench 2.0
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano46.3%SourceNot directly comparable
OSWorld-Verified
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano39%SourceNot directly comparable
MCP Atlas
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano56.1%SourceNot directly comparable
Toolathlon
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano35.5%SourceNot directly comparable
τ²-bench results
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano92.5%SourceNot directly comparable
Terminal-Bench 2.1 (Vals)
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano41.6%SourceNot directly comparable
Coding
Knowledge
MMLU
GPT-4.190.2%SourceGPT-5.4 nano—Not directly comparable
GPQA
GPT-4.166.3%SourceGPT-5.4 nano82.8%SourceGPT-5.4 nano leads this result
HLE
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano37.7%SourceNot directly comparable
HLE w/o tools
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano24.3%SourceNot directly comparable
GPQA Diamond (Vals)
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano77.5%SourceNot directly comparable
MMLU-Pro (Vals)
GPT-4.1—GPT-5.4 nano77.2%SourceNot directly comparable
Math
FrontierMath v2 (Tiers 1-3)
Shared sourceGPT-4.15.517%GPT-5.4 nano25.860%GPT-5.4 nano leads this result
FrontierMath v2 (Tier 4)
Shared sourceGPT-4.10.000%GPT-5.4 nano6.250%GPT-5.4 nano leads this result
Multimodal
Instruction following
IFEval
GPT-4.187.4%SourceGPT-5.4 nano—Not directly comparable
Frequently asked questions
Which is better, GPT-4.1 or GPT-5.4 nano?
GPT-5.4 nano has the higher public score estimate, 59.57 versus 42.02, but the 90% score intervals overlap. The higher estimate is not a decisive winner because the uncertainty ranges overlap.
Which is better for coding, GPT-4.1 or GPT-5.4 nano?
GPT-4.1 scores higher for coding on the public lane, 41.8 to 37.1. GPT-4.1 is scored on Estimated evidence for coding, so the reading is directional rather than like-for-like. BenchLM does not name a winner for coding from a directional reading; read the shared benchmark rows directly and test the models on the same task set.
Which is better for agentic tasks, GPT-4.1 or GPT-5.4 nano?
GPT-4.1 is not ranked on the public lane for agentic tasks, so no winner is named for agentic tasks.
Which costs less, GPT-4.1 or GPT-5.4 nano?
For the stated presets, chat costs $0.006 on GPT-4.1 and $0.00082 on GPT-5.4 nano; repository review costs $0.124 and $0.01375; the cache-heavy agent loop costs $0.52 and $0.0205. GPT-4.1 has no published cached-input rate, so cached tokens use its listed input rate.
Which has the larger context window, GPT-4.1 or GPT-5.4 nano?
GPT-4.1 has the larger documented context window: 1M, compared with 400K.
Related comparisons
Last updated September 10, 2026
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